Life Cycle of the Sperm and Egg Essay examples - 1351 Words

This is a story about Spike and Edna and how they created new life. Spike is a sperm that is very excited about his day. Edna is an egg that feels like the luckiest egg ever. Spike and Edna both feel lucky because they were chosen for fertilization today. Spike and Edna are going to fertilize by combining together to create a new life. Edna has been waiting for this day since she was created in Katie’s ovaries while she was just a fetus. Edna was not the only egg created while Katie was a fetus. Edna is just one of five million other eggs but today is Edna’s lucky day. Today Edna has been chosen especially for fertilization. Spike has also been one of many to be chosen to participate in fertilization. Spike is just one of 500 million sperm†¦show more content†¦Edna has waited a very long time for this day. Even though Spike is only a couple of months old, Edna is 23 years old just like Katie. You see, Edna was created inside of Katie when she was just a fetus. Edna is so very excited because none of her 183 that have left already have had the opportunity to be fertilized and there are still 216 other eggsthat could be fertilized. You see when an egg is ready to be fertilized, it is called ovulation and only 400 of Katie’s 500 thousand eggs will get the opportunity to ovulate. Edna learned that ovulation is a grand experience that happens within a matter of a minute or two. Ovulation is when Edna the egg (aka ovum) is released from Katie’s ovary (Rathus, Nevid, Fichner-Rathus, 2007, p. 86). What happens is a small part of Katie’s follicle that faces her abdomen bursts and a fluid runs out which is full of millions of cells. Amongst all of these cells is Edna and the cells with her provides nourishment for her. Now that Edna is ready to experience ovulation, Katie’s fallopian tubes are getting signals that they should get ready for Edna to come on down. Edna has experienced ovulation now and is beginning to trav el down Katie’s fallopian tubes. Little fingers-like tubules caught Edna as she started down the fallopian tubes. Edna decides to hang out in Katie’s fallopian tubes and get herself ready to meet up with Spike to create another person. Now that Katie is ready, she is waiting for Spike to come throughShow MoreRelatedThe Development of the Egg and Sperm884 Words   |  4 PagesThe Development Of the Egg and Sperm your name PSY/265 May 20, 2012 Nicole Pansey The sperm and the egg are the key to reproduction. Without the sperm fertilizing the egg there would no reproduction. They both start off in very different places and in different ways but come together to create a life. The journey to create a life is a very interesting one and in this paper I will be outlining it in detail, describing the male and female sex organs and the role of both theseRead MoreSimilarly to the male reproductive system, the female reproductive system is an intriguing and1600 Words   |  7 Pagesto reproduce; they produce eggs that can then be fertilized by sperm as well as secrete hormones. The fallopian tubes are narrow tubes that are attached to the upper part of the uterus and serve as tunnels for the ova (egg cells) to travel from the ovaries to the uterus. Conception, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the fallopian tubes. (WebMD) Without the ovaries, females would not be able to reproduce due to the fact that there would be no eggs to fertilize. Even if it wereRead MoreIn Vitro Fertilization1281 Words   |  6 Pagesin reproductive technology, there is hope for these couples who desperately wish to have children. One of these advances is In Vitro Fertilization, also known as IVF. IVF, or, in vitro meaning, â€Å"in glass† fertilization is the process by which eggs and sperm are combined outside the woman’s body in a glass petri dish and then later transferred back into the uterus in hope of achieving a pregnancy. This amazing technology has been around since the late 1970’s and the first child was born through IVFRead MoreThe Menstrual Cycle Essay769 Words   |  4 PagesThe menstrual cycle occurs in the uterus and the ovary as a part of making sexual reproduction possible. The menstrual cycle is a monthly occurrence and happens so the ovary can produce eggs and the uterus can get ready for an egg becoming fertilized. (Wikipedia) The menstrual cycle is a complex cycle and is contro lled by hormones produced by many different glands. The hypothalamus causes the pituitary gland to produces chemicals which then cause the ovaries to produce the sex hormones oestrogenRead MoreThe Ethical Issues Of Procreation Essay1389 Words   |  6 Pagesother ways to overcome this devastating scenario. In our present day, there are numerous outlets and technologies people can take that can help assist them in creating an offspring. Whether it is intra-uterine insemination, which is conducted by sperm or egg donation, by in vitro fertilization or surrogate motherhood arrangements, there are different technologies in our present day people can choose when it comes to creating an offspring. What are these technologies and how do they work? EthicallyRead MoreStages of In Vitro Ferlization Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesIn Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is a procedure in which an egg (oocyte) from a woman’s ovaries is removed and separately fertilized with male sperm in a laborat ory before being implanted into the woman’s fallopian tubes. 1 2 The first stage of IVF is called superovulation. Follicles are structures within which the oocyte develops, in order to retrieve multiple follicles several hormone and drug combinations are administered. Consequently, the ovary stops function and allows the follicles to ripen atRead MoreBrief Description Of Technology And Assisted Reproductive Technology1453 Words   |  6 Pagesthis involves transferring eggs and sperm into the woman s fallopian tube. Fertilization occurs in the woman s body. However, not many practices offer GIFT as an option. †¢ Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) - this is often used for couples with male factor infertility. Sometimes it is also used for older couples or for those with failed IVF attempts. In ICSI, a single sperm is injected into a mature egg as opposed to typical IVF fertilisation where the egg and sperm are placed in a petri dishRead MoreInfertility And The Fertility Related Issues1712 Words   |  7 Pagescarrying a pregnancy to term, regardless of marital status called impaired fecundity. (http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/infertility) In order for a couple to become pregnant she must release an egg from one of her ovaries and a male sperm must join the egg. After the two meet the fertilized egg must travel through a fallopian tube and attach itself to a women uterus. When this process does not happen the infertility doctor will begin to proceed with a semen analysis on the male and tubal evaluationRead MoreThe Human Genome Project : Hiv Cocktails, Stem Cell Research, Cancer Therapies And The List Goes On Essay1173 Words   |  5 Pagesof families every year is In-Vitro Fertilization or commonly known as IVF. IVF in itself is the procedure of fertilization where an egg and sperm is combined in a laboratory by a doctor then is proceeded to be transferred into a woman’s uterus. In the cycle of pregnancy, the male normally ejaculates into a woman which then leads to the male’s sperm enter the woman’s egg then it would then become fertilized. An issue that many women face is becoming pregnant natu rally due to complications in the bodyRead More The Reproductive System Essay1026 Words   |  5 Pagesreproductive system are the testes, the penis and several glands. Male sperm carries genetic information and are produced continually from the start of puberty. The primary spermatocyte divides by meiosis make two secondary spermatocytes and then four, which have half the amount of chromosomes as the mother cell (46 in humans) therefore sperm (spermatozoa) has 23 chromosomes (genetic information). Sperm produced in the testes in a sac called the scrotum is 3 °C cooler than

Type 2 Diabetes A Silent Killer - 1419 Words

Type 2 diabetes is a silent killer that often has no symptoms. Diabetes is a life-long chronic disease that affects your whole body. Being overweight, eating unhealthy, and not exercising leads to a lot of health complications that may increase your risk of type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle choices such as healthy foods and moderate physical activity are important for an individual to stay healthy. Practicing a healthy lifestyle is essential in preventing the development of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Nine out ten people do not know they have prediabetes. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, fifteen to thirty percent of people with prediabetes will develop type 2 diabetes within five years.†¦show more content†¦The glucose builds up into the bloodstream instead of moving into your cells. The pancreas will try to keep up with the body and make extra insulin to keep your blood glucose levels normal. Overtime your pancreas will not be able to keep up and make enough insulin for your body. This is called being insulin resistant. Diabetes is caused by a problem in the way your body makes or uses insulin. Insulin is needed to move glucose into cells, where it is stored and later used for energy. When glucose builds up in the blood instead of going into the cells it can cause two problems. Cells are in need for energy and high blood glucose levels occur affecting many major organs, including your heart, blood vessels, nerves, eyes , and kidney. Practicing a healthy lifestyle can help prevent health complications. Moderate physical activity and incorporating a healthier diet can stop an individual from getting type 2 diabetes. First of all, an unhealthy lifestyle can lead to many health problems. The lack of physical activity and poor diet can lead to obesity. Becoming obese will put an individual at risk for many health complications such as type 2 diabetes. Obesity is defined as an excessively high amount of body fat in relation to lean body mass (Signorino and Winter 2008). According to, Nath, Heemels, et al., there is a growing number of children that are being diagnosed with obesity related type 2 diabetes. Obesity and type 2 diabetes

Education and Qualifications Free Essays

I have successfully completed an Introducing Childminding Practice course, which is a part of CACHE Level 3 Certificate in Childminding Practice. Currently I am studying for a Teaching Assistant course via Distance Learning College, which is a NCFE Level 3 Accredited course. Experience/knowledge/skills I have a year experience in working as a Nursery Assistant for a private nursery. We will write a custom essay sample on Education and Qualifications or any similar topic only for you Order Now I have also been volunteering for past 6 months in a Toddler Group for a Charitable organisation. As a Nursery Assistant I have an experience of working and caring for children under various age groups ranges from 6 months old babies to 5 years old preschoolers. I had to be a hands-on member of a staff team who provide a caring, motivating and safe environment in which babies and young children are supported and encouraged to achieve their full potential. I had to provide full practical support in the day to day running of the nursery. As a Nursery Assistant I had to develop good knowledge of children and learn what makes them happy and engaged in activities. I had to gain knowledge of being able to instruct them in a way that they can readily understand. Whilst I have good understanding of caring and supporting children from work experience, I also have an experience of being a mother of 3 children (including twins). So over the years I have developed a good understanding of early childhood development and learning. Until recently I had chosen to leave my full-time employment to concentrate on raising a young family. As a part of my role as Nursery Assistant , I had been provided with training to ensure the provision of a high quality environment to meet the needs of individual children from differing cultures and religious backgrounds and stages of development. There are many legislation, policies and codes of practices for supporting children and young people in the UK. Legislations such as the health and safety act Work Act, Data protection Act and Children Act are some of the main and important legislations for the schools and nurseries. I understand that under the health and safety at work Act I have a responsibility to make sure that I carry out my duties safely without risking myself, children, visitors and other staffs. I also have to cooperate with others who have duties for health and safety by reporting any unsafe practices. The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) sets the standards to ensure that children learn and develop well and are kept healthy and safe by the schools and child care providers. There have been recent changes as simpler framework for the EYFS was published on 27 March 2012, for implementation from 1 September 2012. The new EFYS framework sets a number of improvements such as simplifying the statutory assessment of children’s development and reducing the number of early learning goals from 69 to 17. It puts a stronger emphasis on the three prime areas which are most essential for children’s healthy development, which are communication and language, physical, and personal, social and emotional development. In my previous role as Nursery Assistant my duties also included acting as a key worker for children, monitoring their progress and sharing information about their development with their parents. I also had specific child care tasks around the preparation and completion of activities to suit the child’s stage of development. I am IT literate and able to use word, Excel, Access, PowerPoint, Internet and Email. I am fluent (both written and spoken) in Punjabi and Hindi language. I have an ability to work well on own initiative and demonstrate a self-reliant required to work in pressurised working environments. I am also a good team player with the ability to understand group dynamics and always keen to learn and adapt to new ideas, innovations. I am fortunate for having valuable experience both from my professional and personal life for working with children and ensuring that they are cared for in a happy, safe and stimulating environment. Now I am looking for a position that offers further knowledge, experience and long term career development opportunities. I feel I have the compassion for and understand of young pupils needs which would enable me to succeed in being an effective learning assistant. While I was in India, I taught at a primary school for over 3 years. My work there helped me to develop my teaching skills. I supported the development of my pupils, literacy and innumeracy skills, giving more confidence. I kept written records of pupil’s progress and was better able to support them through these reports. My reports also allowed me to look at each of my pupils individually, giving them support when and where it was needed. Through my work I have also developed an understanding of the factors affecting children’s learning. For example, my job at the early years involved planning activities, documents the progress of the children, playing with the children, supervising, reporting to the manger and meeting up with parents, working with group of children and with individual children, monitoring and display children’s work and attending staff meetings. Throughout I used my verbal and written communication skills. I feel it is important to gain the relevant training to be able to support a child’s to highest standard. Last month I just started volunteer with Rebecca cheetham nursery age group is 3 to 5 and I am gain more work experience with that age of group. I learn more about children development and health and safety which is really good experience for me. In that sitting they preparing the children for school. I am prepared to undertake any other relevant training being offered me. I am able to work calmly and with patience. In my role as a child care worker, I understand full barriers to children’s learning and development. The barriers of learning can be visual impairment, learning difficulties, health issues, lack of confidence and low self esteem. I regard pupils as individual in their own right and respect and value each and every one. This sets a good example for the pupils to learn. Pupils learn from adult, from example, if the pupils see that I hold door open for another member of staff and other member of staff replies by saying Thank you, the pupils see that we respect each other and therefore will follow this example. I strongly believe that education should be accessible to every one and that every pupil has the right to be included. For example: a pupil I have worked with has poor motor skills and poor hand and eye-coordination, therefore the pupil needed to use a thicker pencil and other tool. With in my role I make sure that my setting is inclusive and where every one feels welcome and where the pupil can focus on their learning. Having considered my personal characteristics and previous work experience, I believe I have that right attitude to carry out the roles and responsibilities required for the post. I know I will vary effective in this a role. I have the right blend of personal qualities, such as; being supportive, patient and respectful, people orientated and have huge amount of motivation. I feel I am ready for the challenge and would maintain high standards role at your school. How to cite Education and Qualifications, Papers

Sociological Perspectives on Health and Illness free essay sample

How can we define health? Imagine a continuum with health on one end and death on the other. In the preamble to its 1946 constitution, the World Health Organization defined health as a â€Å"state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity† (Leavell and Clark 1965:14). In this definition, the â€Å"healthy† end of the continuum represents an ideal rather than a precise condition. Along the continuum, people define themselves as healthy or sick on the basis of criteria established by themselves and relatives, friends, co-workers, and medical practitioners. Because health is relative, then, we can view it in a social context and consider how it varies in different situations or cultures. Why is it that you may consider yourself sick or well when others do not agree? Who controls definitions of health and illness in our society, and for what ends? What are the consequences of viewing yourself (or of being viewed) as ill or disabled? By drawing on four sociological perspectives—functionalism, conflict theory, interactionism, and labeling theory—we can gain greater insight into the social context that shapes definitions of health and the treatment of illness. Functionalist Approach Illness entails breaks in our social interactions, both at work and at home. From a functionalist perspective, being sick must therefore be controlled, so that not too many people are released from their societal responsibilities at any one time. Functionalists contend that an overly broad definition of illness would disrupt the workings of a society. In U. S. society, people who are sick are supposed to stay home and†¦ Sickness requires that one take on a social role, if only temporarily. The sick role refers to societal expectations about the attitudes and behavior of a person viewed as being ill. Sociologist Talcott Parsons (1951, 1975), well known for his contributions to functionalist theory, outlined the behavior required of people who are considered sick. They are exempted from their normal, day-to-day responsibilities and generally do not suffer blame for their condition. Yet they are obligated to try to get well, which includes seeking competent professional care. This obligation arises from the common view that illness is dysfunctional, because it can undermine social stability. Attempting to get well is particularly important in the world’s developing countries. Modern automated industrial societies can absorb a greater degree of illness or disability than horticultural or agrarian societies, in which the availability of workers is far more critical (Conrad 2009b). According to Parsons’s theory, physicians function as gatekeepers for the sick role. They verify a patient’s condition either as â€Å"illness† or as â€Å"recovered. † The ill person becomes dependent on the physician, because the latter can control valued rewards (not only treatment of illness, but also excused absences from work and school). Parsons suggests that the physician–patient relationship is somewhat like that between parent and child. Like a parent, the physician helps the patient to enter society as a full and functioning adult (Weitz 2007). use your sociological imagination Describe some situations you have witnessed that illustrate different definitions of the â€Å"sick role. The concept of the sick role is not without criticism. First, patients’ judgments regarding their own state of health may be related to their gender, age, social class, and ethnic group. For example, younger people may fail to detect warning signs of a dangerous illness, while elderly people may focus too much on the slightest physical malady. Second, the sick role may be more applicable to people who are experiencing short-term illnesses than to those with recurring, long-term illnesses. Finally, even simple factors, such as whether a person is employed, seem to affect one’s willingness to assume the sick role—as does the impact of socialization into a particular occupation or activity. For example, beginning in childhood, athletes learn to define certain ailments as â€Å"sports injuries† and therefore do not regard themselves as â€Å"sick. † Nonetheless, sociologists continue to rely on Parsons’s model for functionalist analysis of the relationship between illness and societal expectations of the sick (Curry 1993). Conflict Approach Conflict theorists observe that the medical profession has assumed a preeminence that extends well beyond whether to excuse a student from school or an employee from work. Sociologist Eliot Freidson (1970:5) has likened the position of medicine today to that of state religions yesterday—it has an officially approved monopoly of the right to define health and illness and to treat illness. Conflict theorists use the term medicalization of society to refer to the growing role of medicine as a major institution of social control (Conrad 2009a; McKinlay and McKinlay 1977; Zola 1972, 1983). The Medicalization of Society Social control involves techniques and strategies for regulating behavior in order to enforce the distinctive norms and values of a culture. Typically, we think of informal social control as occurring within families and peer groups, and formal social control as being carried out by authorized agents such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers. Viewed from a conflict perspective, however, medicine is not simply a â€Å"healing profession†; it is a regulating mechanism. How does medicine manifest its social control? First, medicine has greatly expanded its domain of expertise in recent decades. Physicians now examine a wide range of issues, among them sexuality, old age, anxiety, obesity, child development, alcoholism, and drug addiction. We tolerate this expansion of the boundaries of medicine because we hope that these experts can bring new â€Å"miracle cures† to complex human problems, as they have to the control of certain infectious diseases. The social significance of this expanding medicalization is that once a problem is viewed using a medical model—once medical experts become influential in proposing and assessing relevant public policies—it becomes more difficult for common people to join the discussion and exert influence on decision making. It also becomes more difficult to view these issues as being shaped by social, cultural, or psychological factors, rather than simply by physical or medical factors (Caplan 1989; Conrad 2009a). Second, medicine serves as an agent of social control by retaining absolute jurisdiction over many health care procedures. It has even attempted to guard its jurisdiction by placing health care professionals such as chiropractors and nurse-midwives outside the realm of acceptable medicine. Despite the fact that midwives first brought professionalism to child delivery, they have been portrayed as having invaded the â€Å"legitimate† field of obstetrics, both in the United States and Mexico. Nurse-midwives have sought licensing as a way to achieve professional respectability, but physicians continue to exert power to ensure that midwifery remains a subordinate occupation (Scharnberg 2007). Inequities in Health Care The medicalization of society is but one concern of conflict theorists as they assess the workings of health care institutions. As we have seen throughout this textbook, in analyzing any issue, conflict theorists seek to determine who benefits, who suffers, and who dominates at the expense of others. Viewed from a conflict perspective, glaring inequities exist in health care delivery in the United States. For example, poor areas tend to be underserved because medical services concentrate where people are wealthy. Similarly, from a global perspective, obvious inequities exist in health care delivery. Today, the United States has about 27 physicians per 10,000 people, while African nations have fewer than 1 per 10,000. This situation is only worsened by the brain drain—the immigration to the United States and other industrialized nations of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians who are desperately needed in their home countries. As part of this brain drain, physicians, nurses, and other health care professionals have come to the United States from developing countries such as India, Pakistan, and various African states. Conflict theorists view their emigration out of the Third World as yet another way in which the world’s core industrialized nations enhance their quality of life at the expense of developing countries. One way the developing countries suffer is in lower life expectancy. In Africa and much of Latin America and Asia, life expectancy is far lower than in industrialized nations (Bureau of the Census 2009a; World Bank 2009). Figure 15-1 Infant Mortality Rates In Selected Countries Conflict theorists emphasize that inequities in health care have clear life-and-death consequences. From a conflict perspective, the dramatic differences in infant mortality rates around the world (Figure 15-1) reflect, at least in part, unequal distribution of health care resources based on the wealth or poverty of various nations. The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants under 1 year old per 1,000 live births in a given year. This measure is an important indicator of a society’s level of health care; it reflects prenatal nutrition, delivery procedures, and infant screening measures. Still, despite the wealth of the United States, at least 46 nations have lower infant mortality rates, among them Canada, Sweden, and Japan. Conflict theorists point out that, unlike the United States, these countries offer some form of government-supported health care for all citizens, which typically leads to greater availability and use of prenatal care (MacDorman and Mathews 2009). use your sociological imagination From a sociological point of view, what might be the greatest challenge to reducing inequities in health care? Interactionist Approach From an interactionist point of view, patients are not passive; often, they actively seek the services of a health care practitioner. In examining health, illness, and medicine as a social institution, then, interactionists engage in micro-level study of the roles played by health care professionals and patients. Interactionists are particularly interested in how physicians learn to play their occupational role. According to Brenda L. Beagan (2001), the technical language students learn in medical school becomes the basis for the script they follow as novice physicians. The familiar white coat is their costume—one that helps them to appear confident and professional at the same time that it identifies them as doctors to patients and other staff members. Beagan found that many medical students struggle to project the appearance of competence that they think their role demands. Sometimes patients play an active role in health care by failing to follow a physician’s advice. For example, some patients stop taking medications long before they should. Some take an incorrect dosage on purpose, and others never even fill their prescriptions. Such noncompliance results in part from the prevalence of self-medication in our society; many people are accustomed to self-diagnosis and self-treatment. On the other hand, patients’ active involvement in their health care can sometimes have very positive consequences. Some patients read books about preventive health care techniques, attempt to maintain a healthful and nutritious diet, carefully monitor any side effects of medication, and adjust the dosage based on perceived side effects. Labeling Approach Labeling theory helps us to understand why certain people are viewed as deviants, â€Å"bad kids,† or criminals, whereas others whose behavior is similar are not. Labeling theorists also suggest that the designation â€Å"healthy† or â€Å"ill† generally involves social definition by others. Just as police officers, judges, and other regulators of social control have the power to define certain people as criminals, health care professionals (especially physicians) have the power to define certain people as sick. Moreover, like labels that suggest nonconformity or criminality, labels that are associated with illness commonly reshape how others treat us and how we see ourselves. Our society attaches serious consequences to labels that suggest less-than-perfect physical or mental health (H. Becker 1963; C. Clark 1983; H. Schwartz 1994). A historical example illustrates perhaps the ultimate extreme in labeling social behavior as a sickness. As enslavement of Africans in the United States came under increasing attack in the 19th century, medical authorities provided new rationalizations for the oppressive practice. Noted physicians published articles stating that the skin color of Africans deviated from â€Å"healthy† white skin coloring because Africans suffered from congenital leprosy. Moreover, the continuing efforts of enslaved Africans to escape from their White masters were classified as an example of the â€Å"disease† of drapetomania (or â€Å"crazy runaways†). The prestigious New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal suggested that the remedy for this â€Å"disease† was to treat slaves kindly, as one might treat children. Apparently, these medical authorities would not entertain the view that it was healthy and sane to flee slavery or join in a slave revolt (T. Szasz 2010). According to labeling theorists, we can view a variety of life experiences as illnesses or not. Recently, premenstrual syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorders, and hyperactivity have been labeled medically recognized disorders. In addition, the medical community continues to disagree over whether chronic fatigue syndrome constitutes a medical illness. TAKING SOCIOLOGY TO WORK Lola Adedokun, Independent Consultant, Health Care Research Probably the most noteworthy medical example of labeling is the case of homosexuality. For years, psychiatrists classified being gay or lesbian not as a lifestyle but as a mental disorder subject to treatment. This official sanction became an early target of the growing gay and lesbian rights movement in the United States. In 1974, members of the American Psychiatric Association voted to drop homosexuality from the standard manual on mental disorders (Conrad 2009a). Table 15-2 summarizes four major sociological perspectives on health and illness. Although they may seem quite different, two common themes unite them. First, any person’s health or illness is more than an organic condition, since it is subject to the interpretation of others. The impact of culture, family and friends, and the medical profession means that health and illness are not purely biological occurrences, but sociological occurrences as well. Second, since members of a society (especially industrial societies) share the same health care delivery system, health is a group and societal concern. Although health may be defined as the complete well-being of an individual, it is also the result of

Religion on earth A Report from an Alien Eyewitness

The Criteria for determining whether people on earth are religious or not involve certain acts, behaviors, and beliefs observable amongst the subjects. People on earth who subscribe to a specific religion or belong to a certain faith representing a religious group would have to act in certain similar ways repeatedly. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Religion on earth: A Report from an Alien Eyewitness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first criterion I would use to determine whether people are religious is to determine whether they meet at various places of worship on a regular basis. The second criterion would involve observing people’s behavior at certain public events. This second criterion would involve analyzing whether the people perform any religious acts before, during, and/or after these public gatherings. Based on the first criterion of religious persons meeting at certain places on regular ba sis, people on earth can be said to be religious. One particular religious group, whose religion is called Christianity, meets every Sunday at a place of worship called a Church. A second religious group, Islam, meets every Friday at a house of worship known as a Mosque. Similarly, there are many other religious groups with similar practices of frequenting houses of worship; for instance, a religious group known as Judaism has a place of worship known as a Synagogue. Such a pattern is repeated the world over and people have diverse names for their religions but the meeting in venerated places from which they give reverence to their various gods and seek guidance from these gods underscores the commonality in the different religious groups. People on earth also fit the second criterion for being religious because all public functions of importance in the different societies across the world contain elaborate rituals that seek divine providence from a supposed ‘higher’ being. Many public functions, from simple social functions like weddings, birthday celebrations, and initiation ceremonies, to more critical functions like swearing in of leaders from different communities, nations, and regions involve elaborate religious rituals. During these functions, people appeal to their different ‘higher beings’ for guidance and divine providence.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Religion, whose characteristics and behavioral manifestations in people on earth are as earlier stated, performs various functions. Firstly, religion acts as a source of communal unity (Culbertson, 2011, p.40). People belonging to the various stated religious groups identify one another as spiritual brothers and sisters. For instance, a person professing the Christian faith (Christian) regards members of Christianity as spiritual brethrens and constructs his or h er sense of existence through this religion and a similar construct applies to members of other religious groups. A specific religious group acts as larger family that the members can identify with and from which they draw a sense of togetherness. Secondly, religion acts as a source of social guidance and offers a moral guideline that members can reflect on at times of difficulties and uncertainties, or simply for reflective purposes (Becker, 1991, p.147). Most, if not all of the religions own specific religious books from which lessons on living, spiritual guidance, and other such matters are discussed. These books act as the sole points of reference for social and moral guidance for members of these different religions. Since many religious groups meet regularly on weekly basis, reinforcement and re-dedication to the religious edicts is ensured. In conclusion, from observation, people on earth can be called religious. They meet regularly in places of worship and perform religiou s rituals in nearly all their socio-communal activities, fitting the criteria for religiosity earlier developed. Religion also functions as a major guide to the daily lives of most of the people on earth. References Becker, C. B. (1991). From pain to philosophy: on functions of art and religion. Journal of Religion Psychical Research, 14(3), 144-150. Culbertson, K. (2011). How places of worship help build community. Planning, 77(2), 40.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Religion on earth: A Report from an Alien Eyewitness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Religion on earth: A Report from an Alien Eyewitness was written and submitted by user Lady Ursula to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

20 Descriptive Essay Topics on Life in Kenya Based on #8220;A Primate#8217;s Memoir#8221;

20 Descriptive Essay Topics on Life in Kenya Based on #8220;A Primate#8217;s Memoir#8221; When you are tasked with writing a descriptive essay on life in Kenya based on a book, you have to be selective about the topic you choose. It should be something the author wrote about, something that you can take as a single moment, a single activity, or a single day, and convey in vivid detail to the reader utilizing all of the five senses. Below you will find a list of 20 topics for a descriptive essay on life in Kenya: Concepts about Baboon Society that Overturn Common Misconceptions about Their Social Life. Correlation between Each Stage of Development Ascendancies of an Alpha Male in the Tribe Significant Impact of the Masai Effects of Chronic Stress on the Human and Animal Brain How Social Behavior is Related to Stress Diseases How Emotional Life is Related to Stress Diseases How Social Rank is Related to Stress Diseases Euphoria from Shooting a Baboon with an Anaesthetizing Dart Recognition of Common Scams by the Poor-Ridden Africans upon American Visitors Kindness and the Deceits of the Masai Role Played by the Hypothalamus in the Brain Short Term vs Long Term Stress of Living with an Alpha Male Short Term vs Long Term Stress of Adolescents Short Term vs Long Term Stress of Living with and Communicating with People You Don’t Know Short Term vs Long Term Stress of Trying to Complete Studies without Close Friends or Family Describe the Physiological Impact that Cortisol Has When You Are out Observing a Fight. Pilgrimage to the Ruwenzoris Mountains of the Moon or Mount Karisimbi Odd Behavior Seen among Humans Compared to Baboons These topics are all quite cool, aren’t they? Of course it is still helpful sometimes to have more than just a topic to guide you in your writing quest. In most cases students will find that they are more comfortable starting out on their writing endeavor if they know what specifically is expected of them. And here we also have what to suggest 12 facts about life in Kenya based on Primates Memoir. That is why having a sample can help teach the structure, organization, and use of evidence or descriptions necessary for any writing piece. Below you will find an essay sample on one of the topics above: An Extract from a Descriptive Essay on Life in Kenya based on A Primates Memoir The wind shifted. With it came a fresh gust of red dirt blown up around my feet in swirling patterns devoid of life, and up my nostrils where the associated river stench from the village accosted me. But with the shift in the wind came new sounds. My head cocked so my left ear might gain better audio, the sound of a scream. Then another. Suddenly the lone female scream which tore at my ears like nails on a chalkboard was supported by a cacophony of male voices, each declaring that the elephants had come back. They ate our tents. They stood above them as a starved man waits above a buffet table gorging himself. Then there was only red dirt again. They removed our shields, our protection from the blazing heat that sears to the bone and from the wild animals that prey. It would be time to rebuild later. Right now the perception of the threat triggered the stress response. I looked for the baby, held it close and whispered murmurs of assurance as I felt all non-essential body functions stop and all energy diverted to the brain and the muscles. My heart was beating faster. Blood was flowing to every tingling end of my body. The adrenal glands released adrenaline. The sugar in my body increased with the heart rate. I could feel my heart beating through my chest and held the baby close in an attempt to prevent it from escaping. With raised levels of cortisol I was ready to dash out of the way of the herd, my decision making skills seemingly the only mental function working as of late. My eye sight became razor sharp, cognizant of ever flutter or moving leaf. The wind which was previously tangy in scent but light in waves and pressure became a deep howl whose echo could be used to trace the movements. The ground vibrating beneath my feet indicated the strength with which the herd moved, the swiftness, and the force. The thumps grew in size, the vibrations swelled. My eyes caught sight of peripheral movement and I dove behind a tree as the group came rushing through the lands. Then it was over. Calm was restored around the aftermath of the herd trampling through the land. The wind calmed in tune with my heart. The baby was looking at me with eyes bewildered, confused, and all at once accepting of and reflecting my face. My brow was furrowed; I noticed when I consciously smiled at the infant and felt it unfurrow. My lips were pressed firmly, the dry African heat parching them beyond recognition, and they cracked in release when I smiled at the baby. The child was incredibly sensitive to emotional expression and this sensitivity must be a crucial component for the development of stress and how the brain handles stress. My emotionally expressive influence taught in that moment, how the children should encode emotions. References: Baker, Jack, Allen Brizee, and Elizabeth Angeli. Essay writing.  Retrieved April  25 (2013): 2014. Crossley, Scott A., Laura K. Allen, and Danielle S. McNamara. A Multi-Dimensional analysis of essay writing.  Multi-Dimensional Analysis, 25 years on: A tribute to Douglas Biber  60 (2014): 197. McEwen, B. S. (2011, September). Effects of stress on the developing brain. In Cerebrum: the Dana forum on brain science  (Vol. 2011). Dana Foundation. Pennisi, Elizabeth. Baboon watch.  Science  346.6207 (2014): 292-295. Redman, Peter, and Wendy Maples.  Good essay writing: a social sciences guide. Sage Publications, 2011. Sapolsky, Robert M.  A primates memoir: a neuroscientists unconventional life among the baboons. Simon and Schuster, 2007. Szalay, Frederick S., and Eric Delson.  Evolutionary history of the primates. Academic Press, 2013.

Cyber threat analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cyber threat analysis - Research Paper Example The paper will also mention companies that provide cyber threat analysis services. In addition, the paper will continue to by discussing future speculations about the fate and integration of cyber threat analysis. Cyber Threat Analysis Introduction Computer and internet users have been met with dire and consequences that have sought to deny them their freedom and sense of enjoyment when using various software and computer hardware that link to the internet. The World Wide Web has become a risk ground where individuals can be attacked by malicious programs that may work to ruin important information stored and retained in individual computer system. The issues of cyber threats have been very serious and grievous as the risks involved have exposed secrete information of particular organizations to unauthenticated individuals. Attackers of information systems of particular organizations have used the vantage to fell particular organizations or scuttle their normal operations. Government agencies have also faced the forsaken effects of cyber threats as witnessed with exposure of critical government information to unwarranted individuals. The graveness of cyber threats in the contemporary global world necessitated technologists and scientists to research ways of by which information systems can be secured from the detrimental attackers. ... Cyber threat analysis involves numerous steps projected to ensuring attaining of the best ways of protecting organization’s information system. Cyber threat analysis begins with determination of an organizations total expenditure on particular assets whose information is stored in the computer systems. The analysis also takes into consideration the organizational values including tangible and intangible costs required in obtaining, creating and maintaining the needed security in the information system. Cyber threat analysis will also consider individual organization’s image and reputation in the public domain. In addition, cyber threat analysts also scrutinize the historical information threats witnessed in the organization and their likelihood to occur in the future. Furthermore, the analysis of the cyber threats takes into consideration any probable threats and dangers that are likely to attack the information domain system of an organization. After determining the mo st probable threats, cyber threat analysts are required to move further and identify the possible ways and avenues by an organizations’ information system may get attacked. As depicted by Janczewski and Colarik (2005), cyber threat analysts also need to speculate possible qualitative and quantitative amount(s) of damages that an attack may cause to an organization. Janczewski and Colarik (2005) further propose that cyber threat analysts should define possible strategies that may help in minimizing information damages in case a serious and highly protracted attack. The Technologies Involved With Cyber Threat Analysis The effectiveness of cyber threat

The Origin and Significance of European Sovereign Debt Crisis Essay

The Origin and Significance of European Sovereign Debt Crisis - Essay Example Indeed, despite Germany being at the centre of the origin of the European debt crisis, there were other players who had the authority to save the euro member countries from plunging into this crisis. Introduction Manolopoulos (2011) refers to the European sovereign debt crisis as a financial crisis which has caused some Eurozone countries to have difficulties in refinancing respective government debts unless a third party intervenes. The decade preceding 2009 saw the Eurozone achieve much success economically with the European Central Bank, ECB achieving its policy objectives. The inflation was maintained at low with an almost equilibrium GDP. The use of a single currency reduced the cost of transactions with the greatest effect being on territories of countries where financial interactions were intense. Nonetheless, Grahl (2011) noted that with a single currency, member countries lose control of their currencies. As such, the exchange rate becomes fixed and in times of competitiveness problems, the country would not devalue or allow depreciation of its currency. During the crisis of the sovereign debt crisis, Britain was cushioned against this because of not being a member of the Eurozone. Secondly, these countries lose the control of domestic interest rates which influence investment and consumption effectively affecting the economy. It would only be beneficial if the member economies move at par. But with discrepancies, with others in recession while others face inflation, this becomes costly. The average good performance of the Eurozone hid some of these misgivings and individual performances of these countries. For instance, countries negatively affected by the Eurozone debt crisis had inflation rates of above 2% despite the average inflation of the Germany, the largest economy in the Eurozone being always being lower than 2% (Grahl 2011). While Germany had gradual growth, the other countries had domestic booms and entered into debt crisis with Greece being the first casualty followed by Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Italy in that order, with their account deficits being traced back to 1999. These countries borrowed for their domestic financing from abroad such as the housing developments in Spain and Ireland and government spending in Italy financed by German household savings. These financing was given when these countries were unable to service these debts in the long run. Instead of financing human capital and productive projects that would lead to higher future returns, the investments were on public and private consumption and on wasteful construction projects. According to Conquest (2011), financial crises resulting from housing booms would normally lead to sovereign debt crisis. Grahl (2011) further argues that sovereign debt crisis would be further propelled by fears of government’s insolvency as it would fail to pay capital and interest on its bonds. Eventually, capital markets get closed and the governments forced to default. The local currency would then depreciate followed by

Risk Management & Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Risk Management & Project Management - Essay Example Threats are specific events that drive the project in the direction of outcomes viewed as unfavorable (for example, schedule delays, cost overruns, and inferior product performance (Heerkens, 2001). Risk management is an activity that occurs throughout the life of the project. It begins in the planning process and continues until the closing process is completed (Heldman, 2003). Many approaches can be used to address risk and the threats it produces. However, most processes for managing risk tend to follow some variation of a basic four-step approach. The first step is identification, that is, determining what threats exist. In this step, identify all significant uncertainties (sources of risk), including specific threats (also called potential problems or risk events) that could occur throughout the life of the project (Heerkens, 2001). In Project X, the areas of risk are scope, time, cost, and technology. The company would like the AMDS to be able to operate while it is being moved, while it was not included in the design accepted by the DoD. The risk is present in the project scope. Also, the project should take 5 years to complete at a cost of $1.5 billion. Is the team able to complete the project within 5 years within the budget of $1.5 billion There are also risks in the technology. The AMDS may be successful in a demonstration environment.

An Over View Of Samsung Electronics Company Marketing Essay

An Over View Of Samsung Electronics Company Marketing Essay Samsung is the third largest South Korean company which was established in 1969 as the flagship company of the Samsung group or Samsung corporation. Samsung achieved fast growth through exports. Samsung decided to venture into the television market. It started production of black and white television sets for the local markets in 1972. However, Samsung realized that it can become a global brand. They searched and analized the global market opportunities and challanges with the help of customers and employees feedbacks. Samsung decided to change the concept of its brand .It had to change the perceptions of consumer with a new brand image. During the olympics in Seoul, South Korea in 1988, Samsung decided to become an official sponsor for the wireless technology in order to associate its image with global sports brand. Through the help of promotion and physical evidence Samsung is currently recognized as a worldwide brand. Every country especially the member of olympic games then, now knows about the brand. In this way, Samsung was successful in changing the concept of its brand image and now has a good customer base. Nowadays, Samsung has 25 production base worldwide and more than fifty sales subsidiaries in nearly about 50 countries. Their global strategy involves eight main regions Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Africa, and Middle East, China, North America, Europe and Latin America The brand vision of samsung is to totally different and unique from other brands like: Sony,LG and Panasonic. Leading the digital convergence revolution is the vision of the Samsung brand.This case study is totally based on the electronics side of the Samsung brand.The word Samsung is written in korean language Operation management Operation management is the management process to product and distribute process and service .Basically, in the process of operation management includes creation of products, development of production and distribution. All the operation of the organization has been managed by the operation management .As an operation manager; we have to manage the purchase quality and quantity control, storage, logistic and evaluation. Operation management depends on product and service. It is combination of product management and service management. Strategic management is the combination of managerial decision and action that determines long range of performance of employers. Operation management is the most important for every business and it determines the success of business. After the SWOT analysis any company has to make separate and unique operation strategic of company. We know that competition in all domestic and international market has appeared to be new markets challenge and new phase. Whenever performance of company, company brand and product quality are becoming more important to the customer and consumer then product price. The product development and promotion strategic is the essence of competitive advantage. After the market analysis , swot analysis , the operation management capabilities of Samsung electronics in vital of the ever stiffening competition in the electronics employers. Role of operation manager of Samsung electronics The role of operation manager of Samsung electronics are follows: 1) Responsible for managing the day by day business activities with supply chain, sales and Chanel marketing 2) They will be individual Responsible for managing plans, stack levels, and sell through inventory at different accounts. 3) There are also responsible for working direct finance and supply. Operation management strategies and Analysis Operation management is the process of management of the any company which manage the all internal factors. It is like a bridge of the employers and costumers. It manage finance, marketing, employers skills, performances of company as well employees, employees insurance etc.Its also manage the product capacity, costumer demands and satisfactions. It creates and manage the rule and regulation and the agreement between employers, employees as well costumer. Operation management is the field which direct concern and deals with the production of goods and services. Operation strategy is the functional strategy; it should help and provide the guide line and road to operation and management for any company. It is guided by the business strategic The goal of operation management of any company is to make more money, and objectives are cost, quality, delivery, flexibility and customer satisfaction. Samsung electronics have focuses on five business areas they are semiconductor, digital media, digital applications, lcd and telecommunication network, the globalisation and new trends of business operation performances of Samsung electronics in last ten years, It means (from 1993 to 2003) we found that there were totally changes within the employers that lead successfully developments. In 2007 Samsung electronics become the world second largest mobile phone manufactures. The success in strategic is direct concern to the different market players and customers. When we saw the regarding Samsung electronics ability of the management skills and marketing management ,product design .Samsung electronics development of DRM products creates impacts to their progress ,When the learning of micron to make the DRM products directly effects the sales of company .When the some Chinese electronics company also popular in the worldwide market due to the low cost as well as quality ,in this time Samsung manager are quite afraid regarding the Chinese competiterors .Samsung electronics forecasts to innovate strategic since these new Chinese company entrances and attacking the DARM market shows vital revenue performances ,compared to other Samsung electronics competitors. They extensive improved R and D to maintain cost effective production and product manage. Their success plane and operation management ability to make innovation through the DRAMS is one of the cost advantage of the employers .The quality of the products and remarkable customers desired and satisfactions and Samsung brands image on the worldwide market and original electronics goods is one of the source of their premium price. Today there are a lot approaches and system available for process innovation. Samsung electronics wants to know the test and desired of diversity customer because they need to develop products that fits diversity customer life style. In the past Samsung was focus the physical design but now a day and the coming future the user interface will be emphasized more. Samsung is one of the worlds most respected companies for its designs and quality. Recommendation Samsung Company may sell its products consumer and customer. People can buy its goods direct on internets also. Samsung groups have direct sells models and telephone network. They may also maintain the negative cash conversation cycle from this model. The company should receive the payment before when they have to pay for new raw-materials. They may also use just in time management. They should be able to provide their products (electronics goods) in the right time, right places, right cost in the right way. By the JIT approaches they may make computers and other electronics goods only after customer local area orders and the requesting materials which are direct concern to customer needs and satisfaction. Samsung electronics should maximise their stockholders value by marketing for balance their financial sides. They should emphasis their standards based technologies as well as customer services and customer desired. They should offer skims, more warranty as well as guaranty .customer insurances, electronics materials insurances. They should design and marketing strategic according to diversity and different economic, environments, their business strategic should focus on their enterprises business. They should products their electronic goods on the base on customers desired, needs and demands of times. It means they should change their design base on the required markets and new technologies as well as marketing policy. If they want to become the world largest and number one quality able electronics brands, then they should adopt TOYTA, SONEY, LG and PANASONIC groups also. It is better for them, they should manufacture theirs goods as same quality but different prices and it means they should focus their market not only high and rich people but also poor and medium as well like Chinese electronics markets. They may produce their products in different quality and different prices on the base on their capacity and design. They should management their recruitment and selection process. They must be focusing their recruitment and selection of employees on flexibility, diversity, equal opportunity, sample selection etc. They should motive their employees on the base on their performance and work efficiency. They should improve their market and marketing policy. They should increase their shareholders as well as stockholders. The standard base, skilful employees and best performances shows that, they will able to success to become the world number one electronics brand as well as mobile. The process design of Samsung electronics is good. The product has so many designs in the base on price and quality and customer desired, different diversity. The supply network design is also good. People can buy through the online also. By the help of Samsung website, we can find out a lot of information of Samsung electronics, about its goods, management system, and supply chain. The company have to own websites. We can apply for the job through the online. Conclusion Sumsung brand is famous allover the world because of its service, excellent employees, Innovative reliable product. A responsible approach to business and global citizenship and globlelisation with partners and customers. Samsung is taking the world in progressive direction for new generations. The mission of samsung is to be the best Digital electronic company.It complys with low and ethical standard care s environmental health and safety. Mentain a clean organized culture value and respect to customer share holders ,steakholders , employees and socially responsiable co oppertative citizens. So It is trying to be the best brand in the field of electronices materials in the world by improving its size , price quality, capasity or power of the devices.

Essays --

Have you ever thought about what career you would land in? The career of a veterinarian has pulled me in. A definition of a veterinarian’s job is some one who â€Å"diagnoses and controls animal diseases, treats sick and injured animals medically and surgically, prevents transmission of animal disease, and advises owners on proper care of pets and livestock†. Veterinarians have to have an unconditional love for animals, wildlife, and science and have a drive to improve the health and well-fare of society as a whole. I posses the quality of a love for animals having experience with many pets at home. In addition vets have to be well rounded as a person. They have to be smart, and have people skills which I do. My stronger subjects are science and math where being a vet, going into medicine has a lot to do with science particularly biology which I did very well in and have a great interest for. This career is special to me because I would be able to improve society, by he lping other people’s animals, as well as possibly finding new cures too, which is why I can definitely see myself being a veterinarian in the future. To be a veterinarian it is necessary to have a wide skill set/talents, responsibilities and required training. Veterinarians must be extremely responsible because any mistake could hurt another living creature that you have been trusted with. To be successful you must have the ability to be independent, a team player in some cases, a good public speaker, quick on your feet, good with people, and have good communication skills. Some days vets are always on the go with multiple phone calls, treatments, etc. and must have physical and mental stamina. In addition good communication/ public speaking is necessary when dealing w... ...become a vet including smart, independent, and a good public speaker. However becoming a vet requires an abundant amount of training and education. I would have to spend at least four to six years in collage which I was planning to do. In addition, I believe that all the hard work would pay off when you get a job and start making over $93,000 (mean salary) a year on average Opening your own business would make more more depending on type, location, and experience. Even if you don’t open your own practice there are plenty of places where you could get hired including by the government. Some employee benefits could be pension when you retire, having a variety of jobs to choose from, and less competition for jobs after college if you complete it successfully. Being a veterinarian also helps society as a whole stopping spread of diseases and promoting health.

Sport Journalism, a view of the world, or a view generated by the dominant male supremacy?

The media is a powerful tool, which shapes the views and ideas of society, ‘the print media is an influential socializing agent in that it informs and entertains the reader and encourages social integration and social change by values, ideas and attitudes it presents' (Eitzen and Sage, 1995, p78). When the media has such an important effect on society, is it right that male journalists dominate the media, in a sense serving to maintain and preserve patriarchal relationships. Although there have been many changes in the treatment of females in society in the past, many females are still excluded from numerous professions. Certain institutions frown upon the entry of females, as advancements made by females in society decreases the amount of men in dominant positions in society. This is shown by the small number of ‘male preserves' (Elias & Dunning, 1986, p268) left in today's modern society. However, one institution that seems unable to accommodate change, for the sake of protecting its ‘male preserve' (Elias & Dunning, 1986, p268) is the print media. The media is increasingly becoming more of a male preserve, due to ever-growing equality females strive for; many men's clubs have vanished, as they would rather shut than accommodate females, and erase issues of equality. Therefore the print media is an important site for this male preserve, ‘our newspapers are run like old boy's clubs' (Stratford, 1992, p130). Even when females have broken in to the sports journalism profession, it is still under the dominant ideologies of a male supremacy. Entry is possible for women, as long as no attempt is made to alter or even question the status quo' (Stratford, 1992, p130). The only way females can be involved in the sports journalism world, is to reject the issues that display feminine power, in addition they also have to adopt the dominant ideologies of a male society. ‘They wanted the jobs: therefore played by the rules in order to get them, the rules were not changed to facilitate the progress of other female journalists after them. Long hours, drinks with the boys and a disregard for childcare remain the norm' (Stratford, 1992, p130). Although females do break in to the media profession, this most commonly comes in the form if a television reporter. As sports journalism portrays the journalist's personal opinions, where television reporters are presented with scripts to shape the ideals of viewers, the only important thing on television is image, which is more often than not an attractive female. The profession of sports journalism in the print media is one of the most gender specific in modern society. ‘Sport is a male preserve and at the part it plays, relative to other sources, in the production and reproduction of masculine identity' (Elias & Dunning, 1986, p268). The print media has always been run by a dominant male supremacy producing a masculine identity, with jobs of highest priority, which shape the views of society such as journalist, more often than not given to men. This dominance of males in the media raises issues, which are constantly raised over the treatment of females in society, especially over the stereotypical coverage they receive. Therefore, sports journalism in this light can not actually be classed as sports journalism, sports journalism is all about reproducing and portraying the views of society, and giving everyone a equal voice. However, the media is so one sided it clearly cannot achieve this successfully. Although journalists, claim to be reflecting the attitudes of society rather than shaping men, recent national trends indicate that, with respect to women's lives, they lag behind dismally' (Stratford, 1992, p134). Affect of Bias In Sports One major area, which is affected by the dominance of a male hegemony is sports journalism. A large number of achievements are lost in the media concerning female athletes, due to the stereotypical coverage they receive. This negative coverage is the production of having a print media, which is run by men, as they will never be able to write about females from a female perspective. Their ownership by rich, white middle aged men, and their editorship usually by the same type of men, explains the difficulties they have in reflecting recent changes in society in any but the most stereotypical ways' (Stratford, 1992, p130). The media frequently directs the reader away from the success and the strengths of female athletes, and towards the typical stereotypes of women. Journalists achieve this by the use of narratives, which is the forming of a story, ‘narratives provide drama, human interest and appeal necessary to attract and keep viewers' (Higgs and Weiller, 1994, p234). Narratives often demonstrate traditional qualities associated with females, females successes are seen to be more challenging due to the struggles of their personal lives. ‘Women's sport is further denigrated in importance by a heightened focus on the athlete's personal lives' (Duncan, 1993, p234). Furthermore, females are repeatedly represented as being weak and depending on others, more often than not this figure comes in the shape of a man. This shows how narratives often reinforce inequalities in power and gender relations. These inequalities help to construct a hegemonic masculinity, which Humberstone (1990) labels ‘the reproduction of patriarchal gender relations in society' (Humberstone, 1990, p235). Therefore, it can be argued that the media is just a site where men are free to oppress females, and are free from criticisms. In essence, journalists can be seen as originators of patriarchy in society, as they help it develop and manifest itself on to the larger stage of society through their own accounts they present to society. People are inevitably affected by what media present them, if the writers of the media are predominately of one gender, then there is potential that another side of the story or noteworthy athletic accomplishments are being neglected' (Urquhart and Crossman, 1999, p199). Conclusion: In conclusion, sports journalism is a flawed profession. The whole concept journalism is to illustrate and construct an equal argument, giving no one group priority over the next. However, many accounts of sports journalism demonstrate that the majority of the time, coverage is biased towards men and their male perspective. This bias is especially evident when it comes to the case of females in the media, often females voices and opinions are lost and unequal arguments are created. Research into the absence of female journalists in sport has previously demonstrated that not one single article was written by a female until 1976 concerning articles surrounding the Olympics, in two Canadian newspapers. There was also only one article written by a female in the 1992 Olympics, this is one example of a male supremacy in the media. ‘Sports journalism is obviously a male stronghold' (Urquhart and Crossman, 1999, p199). In addition, a recent count showed that in two popular British newspapers, female journalists still suffer from oppression due to the dominant male operated media. With 100% of sport articles written by male journalists for the Independent, and 96% written by male journalists for the Times. This justifies the argument that sports journalism is essentially flawed, as the codes of sports journalism are rejected. ‘For example, the practice of sports journalism should revolve around a set of essentially ethical concepts: freedom, democracy, truth, objectivity, honesty, and privacy' (Belsey and Chadwick, 1992, pXi), yet sports journalism does not. Thus, sports journalism cannot be seen as a democratic and truthful process, sports journalism simply is the production of a dominant male society, trying to hold on to one of its ever-fading male preserves.

Predictive Sales Report Essay Example

Predictive Sales Report Essay Example Predictive Sales Report Essay Predictive Sales Report Essay There are some people that Just stop looking for employment; those individuals are not included in the unemployment rate. When there are people are in high volume looking for work and not working at all the retail stores will suffer with declining numbers based on less spending budgets, funds and capabilities. As the unemployment rate raises the retail stores will see more consumers willing ND able to spend. In 2009 the United States the sales for retail took a spike overall by 37%, (Rogers, 2009). In 2009 is when it took its major peak. Our projections and predictions show that the unemployment rate will stay at or around the 8% mark throughout 2013. This shows a consistency of this rate and can give retail stores a more balance on what to expect and business planning for the budgeted year. In 2011 article developers felt that putting up new centers as long as the unemployment rates where in the high single digits would not be good (Monkish, 2011). If developers do not want to put up new shops this can hinder growth of new tillers and also introduction of new vendors. This also serves as a plus for existing retailers who do not have to worry about competitors and can have all business located in one shop. References Bureau of labor statistics. (n. D. ). Retrieved from website: Balls. Gob/luau/ Monkish, E. (2011)

Cigarette Addiction Essays

Cigarette Addiction Essays Cigarette Addiction Paper Cigarette Addiction Paper Cigarette Addiction Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cigarette addiction is currently one of the most prevalent and destructive forms of substance abuse. The Centers for Disease Control claimed in 2001 that 440,000 Americans die of tobacco-related illnesses every year – more than World War II and the Vietnam War combined (MyAddiction, n. pag.). By 2008, about 1 out of 5 Americans are cigarette smokers, with 80% starting before they turn 18 years old (OncologyChannel, n. pag.). Despite these alarmingly high figures, smokers are still reaching for the pack. Most smokers want to quit, but their addiction to cigarettes holds them back (Pray, n. pag.). A single cigarette has more than 4,000 chemicals, most of which are highly poisonous and carcinogenic (Williams, n. pag.). The three major components of cigarettes are nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide (Williams, n. pag.). Nicotine is the substance that causes cigarette addiction – it releases neurotransmitters that increase heart rate, blood pressure and adrenaline (Williams, n. pag.). Tar is a toxic substance that, when inhaled, paralyzes the cilia (the tiny hairs on the lungs that protect it from dirt and infection) (Williams, n. pag.). Carbon monoxide is a very poisonous gas that reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood (Williams, n. pag.). Decreased oxygen in the blood causes the heart to overwork itself through excessive pumping (Williams, n. pag.). Cigarettes also include the following toxic components: benzene, formaldehyde, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, cadmium, acetone and arsenic (Williams, n. pag.). Hence, it is no longer surprising if cigarette smoking leads to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases such as lung cancer, emphysema, heart attack and stroke (Quit-Smoking Stop, n. pag.). Smoking among women has long been associated with premature delivery, miscarriages, infertility, low birth weight and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (Health-Cares, n. pag.). Children of smokers are more prone to allergies, colds and earaches than children of non-smokers (Health-Cares, n. pag.). Secondhand smoke, meanwhile, can lead to asthma, lung cancer, nasal sinus cancer, middle-ear infections in children, miscarriages and cervical cancer (OCAT, n. pag.). In 2007, it was said that more Americans die of smoking every year than of alcohol, car crashes, suicide, AIDS, homicide and illegal drugs combined (OncologyChannel, n. pag.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although nicotine is the main factor behind cigarette addiction, social factors also play a role. Some smokers consider smoking to be a social ritual, especially if they are surrounded with family, friends or co-workers who smoke as well (Tan, n. pag.). Other smokers who try to quit, meanwhile, may find themselves smoking when they are depressed, bewildered or angry (Tan, n. pag.). Smokers who have become so addicted to smoking may exhibit stimulus-response behavior – even if they are no longer addicted to nicotine, they smoke whenever they are faced with situations when they used to smoke, like smoking while driving on long roads or while drinking a cup of coffee (Tan, n. pag.). It also does not help that cigarette advertisements glorify cigarettes and smoking as a solution to a problem or an indicator of masculinity or good taste (Tan, n. pag.). The last factor has prompted France in 2007 to completely ban tobacco advertisements o n its media outlets, limit smoking in public establishments and remove tobacco from its Consumer Price Index (CPI) (Tan, n. pag.). As a result, France’s smoking rates for that year was reduced to 7% (Tan, n. pag.).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cigarette addiction, just like all other forms of substance abuse, may be pleasurable at first. But in the long run, it is very harmful, and, in the end, fatal. But akin to other types of substance dependency, the first step in overcoming cigarette addiction is for a person to acknowledge that he or she is experiencing a dependency on cigarettes. He or she must then accept the fact that he or she caused his addiction, not other people. A person may blame the whole world for his or her being hooked on cigarettes. But at the end of the day, it is still him or her who will die from his or her addiction. Pray, Dale. â€Å"Quit Smoking Cigarettes†¦Information about Tobacco.† n.d. Cigarette   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Addiction. 13 May 2008 megalink.net/~dale/quitcigs.html. Tan, Michael. â€Å"Thank You for Not Smoking.† 25 May 2007. Daily. 13 May 2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://daily.rsi.sg/story.php?cat=11id=62. â€Å"Harmful Effects of Smoking.† 2007. Quit-Smoking Stop. 13 May 2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   quit-smoking-stop.com/harmful-smoking-effects.html. â€Å"Second-Hand Smoke.† n.d. Ontario Campaign for Action on Tobacco (OCAT). 13 May   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2008 ocat.org/healtheffects/index.html. â€Å"Smoking: Facts.† 7 February 2008. OncologyChannel. 13 May 2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   oncologychannel.com/smoking/facts.shtml. â€Å"Tobacco, Smoking and Nicotine Addiction: Statistics and Facts.† 2008. MyAddiction.com. 13 May 2008 myaddiction.com/education/articles/tobacco_statistics.html. â€Å"Tobacco Use in the United States.† PDF File. n.d. National Tobacco Cessation Collaborative   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (NTCC). 13 May 2008 www.tobacco-cessation.org/PDFs/Use_in_US.pdf. â€Å"Women’s Health and Smoking.† 2005. Health-Cares.net. 13 May 2008   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://mens-health.health-cares.net/smoking-women-health.php. Williams, Monica. â€Å"What’s in a Cigarette? Chemical Components and the Effects on Your   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Body.† 2008. Epigee Women’s Health. 13 May 2008 epigee.org/smoke-components.html.

Relationship Between Iran and China in Light of Economic Sanctions Essay

Relationship Between Iran and China in Light of Economic Sanctions Imposed on Iran - Essay Example India, like many other countries, has invested billions of dollars in Iranian oil fields towards business oil trading purposes as well as research and development of oil refineries in Iran. The Economics Times reported that the Indian government-owned ONGC along with the private sector Ashok Leyland Project Services Ltd of the Hinduja group won $10 billion bid for investing in Iranian oil company, Naftiran Intertrade Co and Petropars Ltd in 2008. However, India eventually lost this deal to China after the China National Petroleum Corp (CNPC) offered to contribute towards NICO's share of the $ 2.5 billion cost for developing the field that holds an estimated 42 billion barrels of oil reserves, one of the world's largest finds in the last 30 years according to The Economics Times news report. Iran’s conduit towards India’s proposition and favoring China is a result of international business relations between the countries, which are further shaped by their cultures, busin ess negotiations and political positions. It is important to note that both India and China have high demand for oil in both domestic and commercial sectors (Oil Prices, 2). Moreover, China is a larger and greater potential for business compared to India. Reports from investigation agencies revealed that inward FDI into China is at least two to three times higher than what is reported; and FDI is majorly from the United States, the United Kingdom, France and other European nations. Yet, China’s high corruption and regulations still discourage FDI by significant amount (Wei, 200). Sources also report that corruption has been tackled to a great extent in China compared to India, where corruption still continues to haunt its economic progress (Ragunathan, para 1). Reduction in Chinese corruption... This essay offers a comprehensive analysis of the impact, that international sanctions imposition on Iran would exert on the nature of the relationships between China and Iran. While most of the other nations that traded with Iran before the imposition of the sanctions, have stopped or minimized their trade, China still seemed to be inclined towards Iranian oil reserves, owing to its huge investments in Iran. In fact, Iran dismissed its deal with India’s oil company and confirmed the same with China’s oil company few years before the sanctions were announced. China did not heed to the warnings of sanctions from the US and succeeded in this and many other business deals in order to secure its oil reserves. With China already investing in oil business at international level with Iranian companies, the proposed sanctions on Iran will result in serious consequences for China. The Iran-China relationship has only intensified during last decade, despite warnings from the US to China to stay away from Iran because of Iran’s advent into nuclear program and refusal to support peace projects in neighboring countries. The US had delayed sanctions on Iran for many years because of China’s involvement with Iran, which was an obstacle to putting international pressure on Iran. China should continue to abide by its principles and norms of not seeking control, upholding principles of sovereignty, engaging in peaceful development and in being a responsible stakeholder in the international system.

Homework for Eco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Homework for Eco - Essay Example It is only through capital investment and not capital consumption that growth can be experienced in the economy (Callum). In the Chinese and Middle East context, Faber notes that the Chinese economy is a growing economy due to its investment and increased production rather than consumption. Additionally, China exports to the developing and emerging economies totally by passing the old world order. However, its overdependence on the raw materials such as oils from the Middle East could be an undoing in the future. Middle East is known for its instability and therefore the overdependence on their oil for production could greatly affect the economy (Callum). The approach reduces the moral hazard by ensuring that the creditors do not experience losses. This is due to the fact that losses on the creditors’ side have more detrimental effect on the institution than the loss of Equity by the institution. Creditors impact more on the company than the equity holders. The Creditors can easily cause more losses in case they themselves incur losses. It is ideal than a rescue that protects both creditors and equity holders (Mark). This approach eliminates the problem completely due to the fact the owner who has all the liberty to invest on behalf of the creditor and who has access to more information acts responsibly. This is due to the fact the owner incurs charges and possible losses in case of poor investment options. Senator Lincoln proposed that the commercial banks be forbidden to trade derivative securities in 2010. This is with the intent of preventing the banks from using the cheap deposits to subsidize risky derivative businesses. The proposal also prevents banks from using emergency banking facilities. This proposal encourages financial intermediaries to divest their derivatives by forbidding the government from giving these banks assistants such as tax breaks (Yves). Despite the fact the

Pen-3 Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pen-3 Model - Essay Example PEN 3 Model Culture is defined as a set of beliefs, behaviors, objects and others that are common to a group of people (Schaefer, 2009). Cultural aspects also include religion, language, values, laws, norms and the like. It is learned by the people by imitating the elders and/or enforcement by means of stigma and praises inside the society. Because of this, it is logical to say that culture can also affect health, as the health of an individual is also affected by culture and in turn also affects the health of the society. The health of the society is vital and it should be assessed regularly to monitor the needs of the people. A healthy population is a healthy civilization. Some diseases, like AIDS, are spread because of behavior. AIDS is transmitted by having unprotected sex or by using soiled needles contaminated by the HIV in medical procedures. These are all controllable and the spread can actually be contained when the people can just adjust their behavior. Behavior, like promi scuity, is an aspect of culture. Therefore, a disease that is spread by culture can also be corrected by culture. The sub-Saharan territory in Africa has the largest population of people with AIDS. The adult prevalence of AIDS in the 2005 was at 5.0% and it continues to grow (UNAIDS).

U. S. student population Essay Example for Free

U. S. student population Essay The sources indicate that there are key individual differences among learners which standardized testing may not be sensitive to. Racial discrimination can occur within the confines of a testing facility when certain questions included in the test are more favorable to certain ethnic, religious, or social groups or if they are less favorable to others. This weakness of standardized tests have already been acknowledged back in the Clinton administration when the Educational Commission claimed that SAT scores do not reveal all of the competencies of those who take them. A particular example that depicts the failure of standardized tests in measuring individual work competence is the case of Hope who was an able education student who could not pass licensure testing despite of her high marks in practical examinations and demo teaching exercises because she has a disorder that makes her read slower than normal. Presentation America is the melting pot of human diversity. Its population is composed of so many different ethnicities, religions, cultures, socioeconomic and sociopolitical stratifications that its minorities are the majority. It is needless to say that these differences naturally find their way in all aspects of American life, especially in education. However the problem arises when the way that the school system expects students to perform is to be measured by standards that are not fair to all. Standardized testing is the administration of a single, uniform evaluation upon all the members of the population. From standardized tests, a performance of the individual relative to the group can be measured and inferences as to which college he or she qualifies in are made. This means that the results of standardized tests basically dictate what a student is good enough to do in the academic world. It is therefore of utmost importance that such tests are conducted in a fair, undiscriminating manner and that the tests themselves give equal chances to all to be able to show what they can do. However, the individual differences of students in terms of their language proficiencies, learning, styles, and social and cultural inclinations seriously lead to such standardized tests being biased towards or against certain groups. The American public school system is composed of a great many students who are using English as a Second Language. These people who come from Asia, the Middle East, or Latin America have as much right as the next student to be able to perform to the best of his or her ability during standardized tests. However, when it is considered that all such tests are worded in formal English, the discrimination against these groups becomes apparent. A student can be a genius at calculus but if he does not understand terminologies used because he is more used to dealing with their Spanish or Arabic counterparts, it can be expected that he would perform poorly in a calculus exam. There is no question that the English language should be a part of standardized testing and it is, but allowing students who cannot speak English so well no alternatives in taking tests on other topics such as science and mathematics means that the system is forcing them to take English exams regardless of what subject is written on the test booklet. In any subject, learning is not supposed to be limited within the confines of the pencil and the paper. In science, experiments are conducted in order to verify laws while enhancing students’ competence with various equipment. The competencies that students gain in this manner cannot be tested by multiple choice questions on an SAT examination. The worlds future rocket scientists may not be so keen at memorization but they could be excellent at practical application of theories and concepts. However, standardized testing may well cut off any chances that they could have to become NASA pilots just because they are not good at multiple choice tests, something that they would hardly need when they’re up in space! Different students have different learning styles, this applies to how students are evaluated as well. If standardized testing would restrict evaluation to just pencil and paper multiple choice items, then it is closing its doors to all the many other learners who just happen to be naturally attuned to other equally important aspects of learning. Lastly, points of discrimination can be within questions themselves. A standardized test that concentrates too much in using examples in football games when giving details to math problems would confuse those who do not follow the game from answering the questions correctly. Including opinionated, political details to questions about comprehension can distract students from responding. All of these biases should be weeded out of any test that is to be administered to the U. S. student population. Standardized testing is supposed to have the value of giving everyone an equal shot. It is supposed to promote equality among all existing groups and fairness towards obtaining opportunities. However, evidences sow that the exact opposite may be happening. The current use of standardizes testing is disenfranchising various lingual, learning, and cultural groups from being able to fully express their academic competence. This is a grave problem for the educational system which should be addressed promptly and effectively. Students, educators, and government should all work together to be able to revamp this system of evaluation to standards that are truly fair.

Difference of Squares of Two Natural Numbers

Difference of Squares of Two Natural Numbers One of the basic arithmetic operations is finding squares and difference between squares of two natural numbers. Though there are various methods to find the difference between squares of two natural numbers, still there are scopes to find simplified and easy approaches. As the sequence formed using the difference between squares of two natural numbers follow a number patterns, using number patterns may facilitate more easy approach. Also, this sequence has some general properties which are already discussed by many mathematicians in different notations. Apart from these, the sequence has some special properties like sequence difference property, difference sum property, which helps to find the value easily. The sequence also has some relations that assist to form a number pattern. This paper tries to identify the general properties, special properties of finding difference between the squares of any two natural numbers using number patterns. A rhombus rule relationship between the sequences of numbers formed by considering the difference between squares of the two natural numbers has been defined. A new method to find a2 b2 also has been introduced in some simple cases. This approach will help the secondary education lower grade students in identifying and recognizing number patterns and squares of natural numbers. Mathematical Subject Classifications: (2010) 11A25, 11A51, 40C99, 03F50 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SQUARES OF TWO NATURAL NUMBERS RELATIONS, PROPERTIES AND NEW APPROACH Introduction Mathematics, a subject of problem solving skills and applications, has wide usage in all the fields. Basic skills of mathematical applications in number systems used even in day to day life. Though calculators and computers have greater influences in calculations, still there is a need to find new easy methods of calculations to improve personal intellectual skills. As there has been growing interest, in mathematics education, in teaching and learning, many mathematicians build simple and different methods, rules and relationships in various mathematical field. Though various investigations have made important contributions to mathematics development and education (2), there still room for new research to clarify the mutual relationship between the numbers and number patterns. In natural numbers, various subsets have been recognized by ancient mathematicians. Some are odd numbers, prime numbers, oblong numbers, triangular numbers and squares. These numbers shall be identified by number patterns. Recognizing number patterns is also an important problem-solving skill. Working with number patterns leads directly to the concept of functions in mathematics: a formal description of the relationships among different quantities. One of the basic arithmetic operations is finding squares and difference between squares of two natural numbers. Already many proofs and relationships were identified and proved in finding difference between squares of two natural numbers. We use different methods to find the difference between squares of two natural numbers. That is, to find a2 b2. Though, this area of research may be discussed by early mathematicians and researchers in various aspects, still there are many interesting ways to discuss the same in teaching. Teaching number patterns in secondary level education is most important issue as the students develop their analytical and cognitive skills in this stage. Different arithmetic operations and calculations need to be introduced in such way that they help the students in lifelong learning. Easy and simplified approaches will support the students in logical reasoning. This paper tries to identify the general properties, special properties of finding difference between the squares of any two natural numbers using number patterns. Also, this paper tries to define the rhombus rule relationship between the sequences of numbers formed by the differences of squares of two natural numbers. A new method to find a2 b2 also has been introduced in some simple cases. These may be introduced in secondary school early grades, before introducing algebraic techniques of finding a2 b2 to develop the knowledge and understanding of number patterns. This will help to recognize and apply number patterns in further level. Literature Review To find the difference between the squares of any two natural numbers, we use different methods. Also, we use various rules to find the square of a natural number. Some properties were also been identified by the researchers and mathematicians. Methods used to find the difference between squares of two natural numbers Direct Method The difference between the squares of two natural numbers shall be found out by finding the squares of the numbers directly. Example: 252 52 = 625 25 = 600 Using algebraic rule The algebraic rule a2 b2 = (a b)(a + b) shall be applied to find the difference between the squares of two natural numbers. Example: 252 52 = (25 5)(25 + 5) = 20 x 30 = 600 Method when a b = 1(2) The difference between the squares of every two consecutive natural numbers is always an odd number, and that it is equal to the sum of these numbers. Example: 252 242 = 25 + 24 = 49 Methods used to find the square of a natural number Using Algebraic Method The algebraic rules shall be used to find the square of natural number other than the direct multiplication. In general, (a + b)2, (a b)2 are used to find the squares of a natural number from nearest whole number. Example: 992 = (100 1)2 = 1002 2(100)(1) + 12 = 10000 200 + 1 = 9801 Square of a number using previous number(8) The following rule may be applied to find the square of a number using previous number. (n + 1)2 = n2 + n + (n+1) Example: 312 = 302 + 30 + 31 = 900 + 30 + 31 = 961 The Gilbreth Method of finding square(9) The Gilbreth method uses binomial theorem to find the square of a natural number. The rule is n2 = 100(n 25) + (50 n)2 Example: 992 = 100(99 25) + (50 99)2 = 7400 + 2401 = 9801 Other than the above mentioned methods various methods are used based on the knowledge and requirements. Properties of differences between squares of the natural numbers 2.3.1. The difference between squares of any two consecutive natural numbers is always odd. To prove this property, let us consider two consecutive natural numbers, say 25 and 26 Now let us find 262 252 262 252 = (26 + 25)(26 25) [Using algebraic rule] = 51 x 1 = 51, an odd number 2.3.2. The difference between squares of any two alternative natural numbers is always even. To prove this property, let us consider two alternative natural numbers, say 125 and 127 Now let us find 1272 1252 1272 1252 = (127 + 125)(127 125) [Using algebraic rule] = 252 x 2 = 504, an even number Some other properties were also identified and discussed by various mathematicians and researchers. Number Patterns and Difference Between the Squares of Two Natural Numbers Discussions and Findings Some of the properties stated above shall be proved by using number pattern. Number patterns are interesting area of arithmetic that stimulates the logical reasoning. They shall be applied in various notations to identify the sequences and relations between the numbers. 3.1. Sample Table for the difference between squares of two natural numbers To find the properties and relations that are satisfied by the sequences formed by the differences between the squares of two natural numbers, let us form a number pattern. For discussion purposes, let us consider first 10 natural numbers 1, 2, 3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 10. Now, let us find the difference between two consecutive natural numbers. That is, 22 12 = 3; 32 22 = 5; and so on. Then the sequence will be as follows: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 and 19. The sequence is a set of odd numbers starting from 3. i.e., Difference 1: {x| x is an odd number greater than or equal to 3, x ÃŽ N} In the same way, let us form the sequence for the difference between squares of two alternative natural numbers. That is, 32 12 = 8, 42 22 = 12, and so on. Then the sequence will be: 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32 and 36 Thus the sequence is a set of even numbers and multiples of 4 starting from 8. i.e., Difference 2: {x| x is an multiple of 4 greater than or equal to 8, x ÃŽ N} By proceeding this way, the sequences for other differences shall be formed. Let us represent the sequences in a table for discussion purposes. In Table 1, N is the natural number. S is the square of the corresponding natural number. D1 represents the difference between the squares of two consecutive natural numbers. That is, the difference between the numbers is 1. D2 represents the difference between the squares of two alternate natural numbers. That is, the difference between the numbers is 2. D3 represents the difference between the squares of 4th and 1st number. That is, the difference between the numbers is 3, and so on. 3.2. Relationship between the row elements of each column Now, let us discuss the relationship between the elements of rows and columns of the table. From the above table, Column D1 shows that the difference between squares of two consecutive numbers is odd. Column D2 shows that the difference between squares of two alternate numbers is even. The other columns show that the difference between the squares of two numbers is either odd or even. From the above findings, the following properties shall be defined for the difference between squares of any two natural numbers. 3.3. General Properties of the difference between squares of two natural numbers: The difference between squares of any two consecutive natural numbers is always odd. Proof: Column D1 proves this property. This may also be tested randomly for big numbers. Let us consider two digit consecutive natural numbers, say 96 and 97. Now, 972 962 = 9409 9216 = 493, an odd number Let us consider three digit consecutive natural numbers, say 757 and 758. Thus, 7582 7572 = 574564 573049 = 1515, an odd number This property may also be further tested for big numbers and proved. For example, let us consider five digit two consecutive natural numbers, say 15887 and 15888. Then, 158882 158872 = 252428544 252396769 = 31775, an odd number Apart from these, the property shall also be easily derived by the natural numbers properties. As the difference between two consecutive numbers is 1, the natural number property The sum of odd and even natural numbers is always odd, shall be applied to prove this property. The difference between squares of any two alternative natural numbers is always even. Proof: Column D2 proves this property. This may also be verified for big numbers by considering different digit natural numbers as discussed above. Apart from this, as the difference between two alternate natural numbers is 2, the natural numbers property A natural number said to be even if it is a multiple of two shall also be used for proving the stated property. The difference between squares of any two natural numbers is either odd or even, depending upon the difference between the numbers. Proof: The other columns of Table 1 prove this property. In Table 1, as D3 represents the sequence formed by the difference between two natural numbers whose difference is 3, an odd number, the sequence is also odd. Thus, the property may be proved by testing the other Columns D4, D5, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Also, the addition, subtraction and multiplication properties of natural numbers prove this property. Example: 112 62 Here the difference (11 6 = 5) is odd. So, the result will be odd. i.e. 112 62 = 121 36 = 85, an odd number 122 82 Here the difference (12 8 = 4) is even. So, the result will be even. i.e. 122 82 = 144 64 = 80, an even number 3.4. Special Properties of the difference between squares of the two natural numbers Table 1 also facilitates to find some special properties stated below. Sequence Difference Property Table 1 shows that the sequences formed are following a number pattern with a common property between them. Let us consider the number sequences of each column. Let us consider the first column D1 elements. D1: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ As D1 represents the difference between the squares of two consecutive natural numbers, let us say, a and b with a > b, the difference between them will be 1. That is a b = 1 Let us consider the difference between the elements in the sequence. The difference between the numbers in the sequence is 2. Thus the difference between the elements of the sequence shall be expressed as, 2 x 1. Thus, Difference = 2(a b) Now, let us consider the second column D2 elements. D2: 8, 12, 16, 26, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ As D2 represents the difference between the squares of two alternative natural numbers, the difference between the natural numbers, say a and b is always 2. That is a b = 2 If we consider the difference between the elements in the sequence, the difference is 4. Thus, the difference between the elements in the sequence shall be expressed as 2 x 2. That is, difference = 2 (a b) In the same way, D3: 15, 21, 27, 33, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ D3 represents the difference between squares of the 4th and 1st numbers, difference is 3. That is a b = 3 The difference between the numbers in the sequence is 6. Thus, difference = 2 x 3 = 2(a b) All other columns also show that the difference between the numbers in the corresponding sequence is 2 (a b) Thus, this may be generalized as following property: The difference between elements of the number sequence, formed by the difference between any two natural numbers, is equal to two times of the difference between those corresponding natural numbers. Difference Sum Property: From Table 1, we shall also identify another relationship between the elements of the sequence formed. Let us consider the columns from table 1 other than D1. Consider D2: 8, 12, 16, 20, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This sequence shall be formed by adding two numbers of Column D1. i.e. 8 = 3 + 5 12 = 5 + 7 16 = 7 + 9 20 = 9 + 11 And so on. Thus, if the difference between the natural numbers taken is 2, then the number sequence of the difference between the two natural numbers shall be formed by adding 2 natural numbers. Consider D3: 15, 21, 27, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This sequence shall be formed by adding three numbers from Column D1. i.e. 15 = 3 + 5 + 7 21 = 5 + 7 + 9 27 = 7 + 9 + 11 And so on. Thus, if the difference between the natural numbers taken is 3, then the number sequence of the difference between the two natural numbers shall be formed by adding 3 natural numbers. This may also be verified with respect to the other columns. Table 2 shows the above relationship between the differences of the squares of the natural numbers. Now the above relation shall be generalized as If a b = k > 1, then a2 b2 shall be written as the sum of k natural numbers As Column D1 elements are odd natural numbers, this property may be defined as If a b = k > 1, then a2 b2 shall be written as the sum of k odd natural numbers As these odd numbers are consecutive, the property may be further precisely defined as: If a b = k > 1, then a2 b2 shall be written as the sum of k consecutive odd natural numbers 3.5. New Method to find the difference between squares of two natural numbers Using the above difference sum property, the difference between squares of two natural numbers shall be found as follows. The property shows that, a2 b2 is equal to sum of k consecutive odd numbers. Now, the principal idea is to find those k consecutive odd numbers. Let us consider two natural numbers, say 7 and 10. The difference between them 10 7 = 3 Thus, 102 72 = sum of three consecutive odd numbers. 102 72 = 100 49 = 51 Now, 51 = Sum of 3 consecutive odd numbers i.e., 51 = 15 + 17 + 19 Let we try to find these 3 numbers with respect to either the first number, let us say, a or the second number, say, b. Assume, for b As general form for odd numbers is either (2n + 1) or (2n 1), as b 15 = 2(7) + 1 = 2b + 1 17 = 2(7) + 3 = 2b + 3 19 = 2(7) + 5 = 2b + 5 Thus, 102 72 shall be written as the sum of 3 consecutive odd numbers starting from 15. i.e. starting from 2b + 1 This idea may also be applied for higher digit numbers. Let us consider two 3 digit numbers, 101 and 105. Let us find 1052 1012 Here the difference is 4. Thus 1052 1012 shall be written as the sum of 4 consecutive odd numbers. The numbers shall be found as follows: Here b = 101 The first odd number = 2b + 1 = 2(101) + 1 = 203 Thus, the 4 consecutive odd numbers are: 203, 205, 207, 209 So, 1052 1012 = 203 + 205 + 207 + 209 = 824 This shall be verified for any number of digits. Let us consider two 6 digit numbers 100519, 100521. Let us find 1005212 1005192 Here the difference is 2. Thus 1005212 1005192 shall be written as the sum of two odd numbers. Applying the same idea, The first odd number = 2(100519) + 1 = 201039 Thus the 2 consecutive odd numbers are: 201039, 201041 1005212 1005192 = 201039 + 201041 = 402080 The above result shall be verified by using other methods. For example: 1052 1012 1052 1012 = 11025 10201 = 824 (Using Direct Method) 1052 1012 = (105 + 101) (105 101) = 206 x 4 = 824 (Using Algebraic Rule) Thus, this idea shall be generalized as follows: a2 b2shall be found by adding the (a b) consecutive odd numbers starting from 2b + 1 This shall also be found using the first term a. As a > b, let us consider (2n 1) form of odd numbers. From Table 1, 102 62 = 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 = 64 Here, 2a 1 = 2(10) 1 = 19 2a 3 = 2(10) 3 = 17 2a 5 = 2(10) 5 = 15 2a 7 = 2(10) 7 = 13 Thus, as the difference between the numbers is 4, 102 62 shall be written as the sum of four consecutive odd numbers in reverse order starting from 2a 1. Thus proceeding, this may be generalized as, a2 b2shall be found by adding the (a b) consecutive odd numbers starting from 2a 1 in reverse order Finding the first number of each column Let us check the number pattern followed by the first numbers of each column. From Table 1, the first numbers of each column are: 3, 8, 15, 24 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Let us find the difference between elements of this sequence. The difference between two consecutive terms of this sequence is 5, 7, 9 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ i.e. D2 D1 = 8 3 = 5; D3 D2 = 7; D4 D3 = 9 and so on. As D2 represents the difference between two alternate natural numbers, (say a and b) which implies that the difference between a and b is 2. Now, 5 = 2 (2) +1 i.e. 2 times of the difference between the numbers + 1 In the same idea, D3 D2 = 15 8 = 7 As D3 represents the difference between squares of the 4th and 1st natural numbers, (say a and b) which implies that the difference between a and b is 3. Thus, 7 = 2(3) + 1 This also shows that the difference shall be found by = 2 times of the difference between the numbers + 1 Thus, The first term of the each column shall be found by adding the previous column first term with 2 times of the difference between the numbers + 1 Finding the elements row wise The elements of the table shall also be formed in row wise. If we check the elements of each row, we can find that they follow a number pattern sequence with some property. Let us consider the elements of row when N = 5: 20, 40, 60, 80 20 = 2 x 5 x 2 Here, 5 represent the row natural number. 2 represent the difference between the elements using which the column is formed. Thus Row element = 2 x N x difference In the same way, 40 = 2 x 5 x 4 = 2 x N x difference Thus, the elements shall be formed by the rule: Row Element = 2 x N x difference This shall be applied for middle rows also. For example, let us consider the row between 5 6: The elements in this intermediate row are: 11, 33, 55, 77, 99 Here N is the mid value of 5 6. i.e. N = 5.5 Let us consider the elements and apply the above stated rule. 11 = 2 x N x difference = 2 x 5.5 x 1 In the same way other elements shall also be formed. Thus the elements of the table shall be formed in row wise using the stated rule. Rhombus Rule Relation Let us consider the elements in D2, D3 and D4. Consider the elements in the rhombus drawn, 24, 33, 39 and 48 24 + 48 = 72 33 + 39 = 72 Thus the sums of the elements in the opposite corners are equal. The other column elements also prove the same. Thus, Rhombus Rule Relation: Sum of the elements the same row of the sequence of alternative columns is equal to the sum of the two elements in the intermediate column Application of the Properties in Finding the Square of a number The square of a natural number shall be found by various methods. Here is one of the suggested methods. This method uses nearest 10s and 100s to find the square of a number. This method is also based on the algebraic formula a2 b2 = (a b)(a + b) If a > b, b2 = a2 (a2 b2) If b > a, b2 = a2 + (b2 a2) Example: Square of 32 As we need to find 322, let us assume b = 32. The nearest multiple of 10 is 30. Let a = 30 Here b > a. b2 = a2 + (b2 a2) 322 = 302 + (322 302) Using the Difference Sum Property, 322 = 900 + 61 + 63 = 1024 Example 2: Square of 9972 Let b = 997 Nearest multiple 10 is 1000. Let a = 1000 Here a > b, so b2 = a2 (a2 b2) 9972 = 10002 (10002 9972) Using Difference Sum Property, 9972 = 1000000 (1995 + 1997 + 1999) = 994009 Conclusion Though this method shall be applied to find the difference between squares of any two natural numbers, if the difference is big, it will be cumbersome. Thus, this method shall be used for finding the difference between squares of any two natural numbers where the difference is manageable. The properties shall be used for easy calculation. This properties and approach shall be introduced in secondary school lower grade levels, to make the students to identify the number patterns. This approach will surely help the students to understand the properties of squares, difference and natural numbers. The new approach will surely help the students in developing their reasoning skills. Limitations As number systems, number patterns and arithmetic operations have wide applications in various fields, the above properties, rules and relations shall be further studied intensively based on the requirements. Thus, new properties and relations shall be identified and discussed with respect to other nations.